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hrs Total : ctical First Year
i]}IIWJRSITY ' Ey.L?b$_gld_gShellrg of CF' c.iri,-r-!.lL! Ex.=rn.4.3.Iii"{l J.q*"9:E:-.-Fhvsics Main (to ue effective from'1996 admissiL-lnr-a cnv'errds) The I--l Sc. Physics (iuai-n) ccu::se sh::11- L--e spread over a period of three years. There sha1l be s1;r'Ll:eory p.ipers of I hours duration and three practical examina.tion r-rf J hrs,ittration. Ti:e hor:rs of teaching per vreek sha1I be as under. First Year : Second Year : Third Year : ctical Prac,ticel Practical Theory 2 hrs Theory I hrs Theory l7hrs The Scheme of examination gi-ven bel-cw: Ei-rst Year Paper I - Mathematical Pra and d i! 2 e Total : 4 hr.s. Total : 5 hrs. Total : 25 hrs. hrs hrs l:rs istribu'Lion of marks shall- be and GeneraL Phvsics I irrs. as 70 llarks Second 'r'ear: -Jhrs Paper II - Electrodynamics and clrcuit theory Third Year Paper III - Mechanics and Thermal Ptrysrcs Paper IV Pa-per V Paper VI Optive_and Spectroscopy Modqrn PhygiqF .Adva?rced Sciertc Electrrcnics & Coiirputer e j hrs. J hrs J hrs - J hrs 70 i{.arks ) 7o I4arks 70 Marks 70 l,{arks 70 l{arL.s Practicals: Paper I - Mechanics, Properties cf Matter Paper If .Heat & Sound and Ootics Lab record for Paper I -J Electricity -Jhrs & Magnetism Lab record for.PaPer Paper IiI II Electrorics Lab Record hrs -Jhrs for PaPer Total IIi 50 Marks 1) Ivlarks 5O Marks 10 Marks 50 Marks '10 l,iarks 5,Jr., Marks 11q.' t ?fu, C n) iJl:I\,-TiRSITY 0F to)96 CiTLICUT (hbstract) t+tion of revLsed scheme and sy1l-abus for B.Sc. Ehvsics subsioiary (f ],ear cnly); effectirre fromTgjlTffiission ed - orrlers issued. - 1_ = = = = - == - r;tr|,1f,p.;rl, :',T/ll /zolo/gA - = i= = = = : :-r -: >-. == = = :: == =: = = = I' J SECTIOII Dated, calicut Univer"sity p.O. 19.9.19E6. tND ACADEI1IC r ====:======-===i R"errd:- '1 . l:,Iinutes of the rneeting of the Boartl of studies in Physics (uc) nera on 1.6.196 2. Itlinutes of the rneetinsl of the ljoar-d cf Stuciies in Phy-=i"= (uil ) nera on 12.T .1995 , 1. orderscf tlre vice-ch:rncelror in the fire IJo "GA T/J1/2o1o/96 ORDER 1'lre Board of Studies in Physics (U:,1 ;,,t its rireeting held 7.5., !6 has resolved to revise the B.Sc. Plryslcs pjain irnd j..iry on Subsid iyll_abus . The Board ef str-rd,ies at its seeond meetin;j held on zz.T.t96, o;,,proved the.scheu:e, and r year B.Sc. physics tttlin and s,_rbsicliary' sylIa bus since the cl.rsses for the r year degree i996 adrnission have alr.eady been st,erted end in .'riew-.,i uigenEy, the-Vice_Chancel1or, exercising the powers of the Academic counlit has approve,i the revised scheme and syllabus of- B.Sc. Physics aird subsidi,hry ( r ]'ea" oiLly) ils recommended b-'r the goird -ortutein stroi"r. Sanction is therefore accordeC by tlie Vice-Chancel1or fcr tl:e implementation o.f the revised -cchcuie and sylJ-abus of g.Sc.-Fhysics Main ,rnd Subsidiery (f year only) from 1996 :rclnission onw:rds, Revised scheme ard.sy.1J_a,bus :rre .appended - sd/- DEPI-ITY RENISTF(AR (GLli Fcr R.egistrar Tor Principals.af. a1l collegcs offering B.Sc. Fhysics (ivtain & Subr"ioiary) . The Copy tr: C .E. /lJnivers i ty infa rrn.a tioh c entre s,/U:-, 1r,e rs i ty Library/Frrquj_ry pareekshabhavan/aa.l,I F s", /ir/pc, \// FarR.liARDm/ny onoeR ( ) L cr. /2O /g cl;.am i J A.lru"q, ; lPl?.XIDrli ljl. ,. ltrrldl,r,nsrTY 0I q.lrIqpl. ?^+*; l- f or ts Sc ?EISICS I'IA-I-II (1 9?(r r.clnissiotl otl^nr'c1sr) Sy11o.bus Tll: follorvir:g is tlrc syl1a1:us of B'Se ?liysice l{eln Pcper I' effective frcn 1996 c.clnissiotls otrT ru:c1s, At tiie otrcl of I yeot, ie' in l'lclIch 1997 tle iJx'rnit:o'tiot: baseil ou sp,,16s'c1s tlre stuclents ru:e lequirecl to oppelrr'ior this ner,r 1'gr7lsecl syllebus. rbook for: sturciyr is For:6rc1 topic of sturly, tlre tLosres of tie t:-'ec;tec1 sug.3estecl sepu.r"te1y. It ncy be Dotec-]. that eeeh tcpic is to be tc- the e,xter:t tllcrt it is giveD ir.) tIrc book for stucly' Fc'r tlp exar]itlciiol:, qrestio.)s c+-e to be set iu such e wey t[et tire nit:j;:l"rn nrl-ks those expeuterr. fc;: cluestrcDs fior:r -..:ch to?ic slrc.ll tlot be less tlxur 6iveu il,' tje sY1labus. Uuit I V }]'f 0iis - Teechi-t:g l-roul:s - 14, ]4al:ks: 12 1.1 t\pplicetior of 'rectorri' Cot:cul'ret:t for'cr)s - uol:k rJ'oee b;l e fct'ee oll .1n$i--L'-:' rr chru'gecl par-t lel-e ',' lr-'ci.h)' oi ri-E,itl bo<ly ellout a f ixecl cxis' .2''Iectr.rr' Ce.1c:.t1uc vector funcl;ior: of e sitlgle sca.flu-.reriab'1e - sone rrtles of rLiffereutietiou. f ifie..-entirrtiou of e. scalrl;l' p::o.l'uct rucl vector p::crluct - I j-ffer:et:tietior: sceler- t::ippLe procluct volttne 1,1 Iutega'fltiot:.ol c vecttr - litre ir:ter:p:a1, sLlr.fcrce itttel;'*e'I' ir:ie6:'41 . Sce'lru' crltl vactor Fiercls' 1 .DiJectioDilf r-lerirrotives' G''-eclier:t' -1)ivergeuce Gruso theoren Cr.u-I of e vector. lhysicel ir:terpletatiorl of Culf (noorc for stucly : tintlrenr-ticr.l Physics by BD Gupte') 1')1) (Sectiot:s : 1.1 6t 1.17' 1.18, 1'21r 1'22, 1'2i'1'24' 1'251 1'26' 2. Merks : I - feaeilit:g 1-*s' 6 2.1 l{.obebil-ity tlx-.e.r'y - cfrssier-1 cldfinitiotl - f::equel)cyi clef il)itiouRrurclon exi:eritretlts - scnple cpece - oveuts - ,turic'no"tic'ep1:::onch ,ller.retrtru'y Stetisties' top:robc-bi1i-ty-'eJlenetltrrlytlreotensoup::c'bebiliiy(without p:oof) ntlcl its aPPliccitiotls 2.! F-ru:cl0n va.iebles - Discrete r.ttcl cotltitTuous - I'''-obebil-ity derlsityfutrctiotrs.-Dist:.-ibutlotlfut:ctiou_}ivs:ie.tep*o.bo.bi1ity clisbilr-rtiotls - cotlcepts 'of Stochastic iudepet:cletlce ru:d el- itlcle ire uci et:ce . rreqrijracl' (concepts, clefiuitions er:c1 qrrefj.tnti're treatner:t el-e r-e o-urilecl' ) ll o r i6orous nrtlreue;t ici'l tr:e s'ine t:t' is nr:'lr-t ,i.lool-:fot--strrc117:Ar.titltroc}'rctic-rrrtt'tl:eory<'rfStr'tisti'csbyl{oocliu:c1 2''1')t ?-'17' 2''18' 4': ?' 'i'1 'J'2' i,r-rylci11 - - Sectious Z'1 ,2'')r 2'A,2'5t cotttcl ....,.....2 t.r. /7 /9 t- I r _9 - ,,Jlit III Flr.JfeS Oi reicreDces Indetie"l_ frc.r:es - ?ee"e',li.ug oi r:efeteuc.rs - hor.ils : 5 Mar-ks Geli1,:o.n t::elsf orne.tioLl : - ltlTpotiresis ofGclil:atrit:vc.:-ii-it:1;s.Cotrsrl'vc'ti6riofnonentnn' IIon-inertiel f::ranes :rlxl f r-c-ti1'-.1-or-ls forces;-Cctttriftr'3e] f cit:ce" Coriofios folce. r:otltiDg fra:nes ci r-efelel]C-.]s .r ,Egir-ce.lt ?etrclul-un - l'"r'sic iclea' (Bootc fo:: stucly : Ilcci:r'ttrcs trv JC llpaclhynyc' ?'1o' 2'11) Sectior:s r 2.1 , 2.2, 2-1 , 2-4, 2.'), -2'i;, 2'7, 2''8, 2'9' Uuit IV. Dyt:mics of i'sin,'31e D'l!-'uicic" Eours : 12 l"lcrks 12 qg c' ctirl'6pc1 Caer:eref e2ue.tioti of gCrti-ot:' rl',*" of forces' Kiuetic::)t:':rgry electr'lc pru:ticle' il) er: elect:rrc fiel-cl. Cll[rr-geil pertic]e iu nt: unifcrln fiefcl, Motior: of chcJrpcl ilcuticle :-t: c t::ruisvel'Ge eleetric fielcl' utrifarr:i nc'gr:eti-c Appliceiiou tO ct"tlrotle l-'eii tube. clH:ged. p{u'iiclt' itl e field.,Clrerseopo-ticieit:e.crcsseiieleetriceuc].no.Btreticf1c].c1. Applicat!ot: to cycloi-r:l:, I'io"gt:etic f ocussitr6' (Books for stucly : l'tecluti:ics b17 J0 Upcil-hyoyc" 4"11) S""t:-on" n 4.1,',:y,2, 4,1, 4.5, 4'5, 4"t, A"B, 4'9t 4'14' 4'10' cuirpcivctiot: of !?tlerEl . Hol]}'o : 5 l{clks z 5 uuit v Cottserva,tiot:feus-cot:ser'vatiuefol'ces-'trt:er6yfunction' iel eller-aY cr-1r'\ -a,' ]trctl cot:servatiotr f orces' Sookforstucly:I{eciruricsuy{Upaclhye;re;Sectiotts5'1't5'5' 5"7, 5.1A, 5"il 6 Mar'ks z 5 Urrit VI - Litrenr- eDd atl8ulsx norelir-rr - Ilours : of co,ser'r.tior: of fillenr nonelltun" - centre of Dess' co]lisiou notiotl ut:,.l,-.-r two i:er-tic1es. Rock.ets. At:itrta-r: nonetltun e.tx1 toroj're, en';plru' ceDtrel f orce. l\-r:eel velocity' il"x:nDles of col:se:lotior:' of nor-euttiir . Potettt (3oot<for:stucly:jvleclronicsbi/J0llpecllryeya.Seotior:s.,6.1,5.2,^5.1, 5.1, 5"6,-6-7, 5.ct) I'I(l}-k: : O Ur:it rtrfI - Veves - Teochitl,S hc'r-r1.s : 1O Pfr'.ue lw-r-.re . sofuti-on in llie expor:qntief lor-n. GeDeral equctioll of wo.ve. Pr:inciple of super'Ir.o.3i!-eiisive wir.v;. Tl.u,rc c1!:lensione] w.JIes positi otr. dlrer6y iter:sity of i:iaru Tnro8a.essivu. \,InV€ T**ctlsvers iustretclreclst::itl6p-.I,oll.lituclittclwevesirlroclsru:c16eses' rt.igi$ bc,ut:clcE.y erlcl f::ee i.Jeves ill boutlcl-.tl nc(..i!tt]. Str,tiou;:l.y }Ieves boutlda.y.Fou::j.e'rsc.-j.os.iittcJysisofsquct.e'!'.r.-vee.tlrlsc.lrbootlrwcve. (Icc,i: 1 r;' j l:tt':.'.. ' l'lecliru:ics 'by .rC Upecll'ryaye: Scctiotls 11'2t 11 '1 ' 11.-1. i1.5, 11.' , 11.8, ',1 .,)t 11--10' 11.12) .1 ';.:-.ilf; contcl......1 2 \ rJca.r. l-r .:1_ tt--t Uttit VIfr- - Ffuicl .b j , JL l::_ t^,.: ,i .J^ -,l;1liy-y.. cJ -.i,.;..-.;..;;. i.t / ''i.j.t,i._, ,,,-.! . ll.r, i ..t t_ tl.i*,) Dyniu:rics - Teacld-p6 ltor**s s 5 j,.tnrks : . 6 Iluit fX ec1ec1 \.s/7/9 9 - /_- llf -ryerf _lJf .o{-Qgl=.+,c_t+*t. 11al,r.rs end Scherne f-nsis.; ysics Su-Lsidie The ccurse -first two years of the Course. Th of three hours duration each and hours duration- The Scheme r:1' e:<a marks shal] be as follows: ^-P ge$i.d i a r v over tire sha:1,1 oe tvio theory papers pra c i.ica1 exem of three na tion lr:d ciistribution of shal-l- be --cpreed First Year l Theory Paper Second Year I Mechanics, Prope ties cf irra'tter & Thermalj hrs Physics - 60 ltla.rks : Theory Paper II - Sound, Optics, Electronics & practical : One practi-cetl exam Year Lab record Total- (Thecry cT -/ /9l Yt 8,, 14 gneti snr, Electrlqityr ern }:ii],.si,:s - I hrs at:Lcn at the end o 1 !rs. c tica . 60 Second rks 20 Marks 200 Marks. \ L.iMVttiSiTY 0F Cr,LIILiT (in b= tract) tiL'rn e f r,:vj.sed syl.i-abus of tJ .Sc. ['hysics(l'iein) ancl i l',./,: j.cs (SuEsidrary) Feprr II with effeict Uarncti.ened - 0rciers issuei, f r-'nm 1995 a dnr iss; j :;rr ImpIcm en ta papers II tr., VI GI..i,JII;i:iL NO. GA r/Jr/ ?-o1a/e(, AN! T.L/,DEMII T/J SECT]CIN Dated, Calicut Unjvcrsity P.0. r21-B-9-l *..-_-_1-_ rf mgrl1'.:nq r:f Bnard r.rf studit:i: in irhysrcs (UG) hel-d cin '/.!:--1-1c;i9(, and 19--q-19c)1 . z. u.c, i;i,r/Jl /LrJ11/r;6 c!nteci 't9-9-1996. 3. [4inu l;cri r-,1 rrr;i.1.i;ino r-.f' F aculty nf Science held on ]3-7- 19c-t'l 4. 0rrir:;:s rrf V-ice-.Ul-rancell.cr in f-i.lcd No.GliI /lt/a232/9i. Fieadr- f . inr.Jtr..:st " O!iDER The B,:ar:d r:f s'Luc.ljes jn Fhysi,cs (UG) et :its meeting. held crn 22.-7-95 has f inaLis tr'-l thc cJraf t rr.,vis ed s churne an cl Syllabus cf B "Sc.Fhlisics (Mairr,:-:rid $ubsicliar-v) . The Paper i rf .rcvjsr.;cl sy}1;:rbus crf Frhysics (t"tain and subsidiary) was implcrncrnl.rt(:i',*.r.tli aff'cct from 1996 admissinn, vide U.0. read 2nd abr''vc. The remain-in_q pap,;3= vrr--:rer finally recc.mmended by the Boarcl nf Studies et ..i ts mnut:i.ng ['re]d on 19-3-97 and the faculty r.S, Science ,n:.h met r,:n 3-7-1c)97. The Acaciemic Cr,urrc-i.1 a:t :: t.,: meeting helcl ,:n 3i *7-1991 aoprcved the minutes i.,f iJi,erC nf StuCies..-and Facr-r-I ty cf Sciencc Sanctian has. 'thorrifr:re been accerded f:rr the :,mplements -vIlabus frr ation nf the re t,is erl F'hysi-cs(main) seccnd and third F;hysics(5ub) paper JL f'{evist.rd sv-'l.JaLrus j-s apPended. 1.8,5c. 2.8.15. To yi:ar sd/_ Thp Principais n-i' Cr:r1l L,qES r,ffering ts.5C Fhysics (Mai.n .:l-r,i 5ub ) Dnpy to:Ccntrol--l-er c',f in f r,rma tion e'A7/F 5ectj.r,n. SF jpk /FC j.rrer!:cnG /Univers jty i;s,/ l-in: tr ers ity Library Exan; c er-r tr DEliUTy fiEGlsT[iriR(eant) Fnr tiEGISTkAF F0fir'iJt iiu-ED .i'- BY CiiDiR -,)...-,.-r.. SECTION OFFICETi \/' t -'-"'lI AP},'ENT'T)(.' TINIVEP.SrTY oF CALICIIT B Sc PhYSics Main f' c-ifcuit 'Theor1r. Paper II - Electrodynamicr' Erecttoclyrran;Li:-q L fierd' l-ectric Coulombrs Jawl ':::::::tt-;;' : Electrostatj-o "iel<1' 1" Elgc-Lrgstatj'cs & curr of Elect'rostat'ic-5i-e--1deDivergence .e^nf.*i.,.,uous charge aistrib-utions. Fie1dIinesandGausst1aw.ThecjivergenCeofE,App1icationsofGauss1aw. PoienEla'L : rn:Joduott":-j:-::::;Ti:'""::H:::"";" Er-ectrie Potential E. El-ectrie of Ecurl curl of The potentiar of Juation, ana equation potentiah rj::Ii::: Poisson's T:'-"::^H"f"il;";';i;;;;";' staric bo*ndar-!' eonditionsThg l:lecrr distrj-oucrotr Thg charge chafge' alocalisea "ffi:"";;;;;";.-^ in ih movino moving a chargework done qgarge "The enerEl of contjJsuous ' il i it i.i t... I tl . --u...r,.is.--r.r-:+- r. Ras-ir: properties of con char{e on a condu':f-or' The force on'a '2 of "rntr-dtle -qection .L' Eo ' 2 '3 ' ' 'l: J.Griffith. pol o <li-pored' "iit*^""t 6f potar molecules' \ t Porarisation" obiei - Bound char<l"=' \physicar i,LerpreiatJ'on'9f-^1 rri 'oa objebt The fielcl of a polarised rtefl;tn1' Bound cheirge. rhe field i-nside a t- L=uss: Ldw.il""""tl:e of Dielectrics The -Erectrical- Dispracem"nt constant' pernuittivity'\oi"l""ttic " -";";;l rics Dielect: -.isusceptibilttY. r,.tneir j-n Dj-erectric systems. invol*ing'linear prcblein's .dielectric Speclal ii Forces on D.i.electricsr' Polarisabj-lrty Sectj-on 4.1'to 4'4 of Intror:uc j Grifflth \' i\ 3. Maqnetostgtl.cs \ t .'. fie ,i..-,*n=-Irorentz Force' law:' Magnetic i - Savorts 1aw - Steady: currenis - the 'i The dj-vergence and curl'of B'- stra : curl of B. APPlication of AmPer€L Electros tatj.cs';' r Lsections 5'1 &' 5'2 of rntro Griffith. 'ro Grow'th and decay of current j-n LR 'i , resistance by leakage:- drowth of th6ory of Ba )', through tCR "it"oit' aetermine t'he P'- of Bc'using a st-anr r i_ .iI . --r1"-tri-c-itf-and'*ragnetism by R Murt}' [;at" '.1; r .) )i.l ,ll i.li ii,ir'-. ll i ii i u..l -7- ry Maxwells equations : Electrodlmarnics bef,ore Maxwell. How Maxtsrell fixed up Amperes lal,i, Ilaxv.ielis & equaLion and66gnsgic charge. Maxwells eguation insj-de matter . Boundary condj-tions. Potential formulations of Electrocynamics: ScaIar and Vector potentials= Gauge transformations. Coulomb G Gauge and Lorent z Guage. Lorentz force 1aw in potential form 14 hrs. 10 l4ark' *sectoprns 7.2.to 7.4 of Introducticn to Electrodlmamics by David j criffith 6. Electromagnetic trrlaves. The wave equatlon: Wave equation in one dimenSion. Slnusoldal waves polarj-satj-on - Boundary condltions - Reflection andtransmission. --Electromagrr.etic hlaves j-n Non-conducting medj-a : Monochaomagnetj-c plane wave in vacLlum: EnergY and momenturn of electromagj-netic waves -Propogation through linear media, Reflection and transruissioi at normal incidenee, Reflection and tranSmission at obligue incidence. 12hrs.9Marks section g.1 & 8.2 of Introduction to Electrody4amics by David J crifflth. \ ciE9lliJ.jir_99*ry, 1. Network theoremes Kircho::f !s laws, Solution c f sirmrltaneous 'quation uqingt Deperminants. Maxwells loop current methocl - Nocl'rl- analysis with current sources. source conversion i-dea. constant vcltag.-, source superposition r,:nriv;itent circuits . theorem. The-vanints theorem - Thevanin I transfer theorem. ,l Appropriate section from A Text Book of Electricall,TechnoloSy I',laximum power bY I Itonrs.?Marks Theraja. I Electromacrnetic Phenomena AC Gene{ators: ?wo phase and three phase, Star, Oelta cc\rnetion, Conmotor. version of star/Delta.- Rotation magdletic fields. fnduction i Coup]e on a coil in a rotating magrnetig field. Tranformerb Tesla coilIvlessurement of Ac I .t \ Ac_cire}r.ils AC through LrC ntii,LC; LR, Cr.iand l,CR circuits. H,esonance and and conductor. if operator resonant circuits, Repulsion betwe"., "'i-,1Circuits - A C bri.clgt,s, ( Anderson and RayU-egh) I hrs. 6 Marks Sectj-ons 22.21 22.3t 22.6 Lo 22.27 and f.hapEer 23 (exclude 23.17 and 23.15) sect^j.on.c 24.-i.-T -at:4-24--1?_ t_f_ the Electr-i rity ancl magnetism by DII Vasudewa. Application to AC I '/ /- .-.----r I -!, + p I BIE -r.Il-:- g I4[I9-39-f PjtgE PFI.,.Srcs -brr-s--= 1-0 t1O -rnarks) Potentials and Fj-elds o:enerqy ., Fc'Lential Generai forces Inverse sguare Iaw forces Potentr-.a} - trscape vel-ooit')'" system of rnasses. Gravitational fiefC and anC 1. to thin sPherical shell Gravitational potemtial and field <1u= lalts ene::91' -Kaplers laws - KePIers self Gravitational solid'sphere from Ng,rt'ons l-aws - shape of Ga1ax'ies bY Jc 'secti.ons 7.1 to 7'LOt 7"L3' 7'7e &: 7.L9 of Mechanics upadhyaya -r Coordinaties ^^--:i-'^+iaa and Langr3ngl-alI Eorrnulation 2. General.ised (12 lrrs - 1O mks) : Genera-Iised cordinates' DI 644-ration, General expression for of conserrration - cycle coordinate ;;";;.;""; J ALwoodrs, 1r--^^Aro rna,chj-D€:-rnrah ,1 *";i;; of a parricre unoqr a force and bY I Eestions 8'2 to 8"7 of Intro<lu ti-cirr-roc]-assi-cal-r"rectranics : Takwala and Puranhic' i ..rB iJrs - 15 Mar'l<s) SPeci aI theory of Relat.ivit-w 3. eperir'ent ;rvposthesis and Mich'elson ancl Morley Th' -.; . Postulatesofspecialtheoryofrelatj-v.i-t.,1-Lorentztransfc,rrn.ation LengfiL corrtra-ctj-on' T'ime consequences Rerativity of simur.taneiiy, velc<ij-ties' ucli-iar-ion of mass dialation verificat-ions ' Addf i-jon of .withvelocity,Mass:E;ler(tryr(jlai'i-on-oa]-r;,roductioi-t.iriuc]ei..,r:energDl" 3'1C of l"lechanics bY sections foom 3'3 tc ? 3'6' 3'8' ond JC UPadhYaYa. .]TI',4BM.ALf3ryI#g i t6hrs-5marks) 1. E-}Et-Iglg iE- tr'el'9gy4sH: rlnergD' funqtiont R Work,and Heat, Ad-'i-abatj-c wofk, In:-er^n:-.l of Tl're'r'rnocllznami cs, concept of lait of First forrm-rlation Mathematical Fc''rm of First of themodY'{amics. Heat. Differentii'I bY M Sections 4"1 t'o 4'6 from HeaL & 'ihemodYnamics ' ZemanskY and RM Dittman' B t I ' t -rr 3. COnEerSien of' wOr].. intu ire-.'. lnc. - The Steam Engiine.. fnterna-1-- eon :,;i--'C= ivsi-S.1.. T':Ce of Kel-vin - Pranckts anct Claus-ius statr': ineni-; Sections 5"1 to 6"'7 f::ont Hea':- & Ther':aodyne:rnics i I I I \,{,Zemansky and Ri uirarci 3. 14 3 Stifiti.lig b'12 l'ia::h i;fl,=;i*-1-.:. :',r- l)j.+'tman i.L2 Entrophy hrs - 10 lrarks) ,i Concept, of 3n'tropy.' Eniroctr of an -i-de;l gas., 1'--s C-:agrram.' Carnotrs cycle, Entropfl and Rewersibilit:r,,, Entropi' and Irrever-sj.b-:-ii;--Y. Entropy and N€neguitibrJ.r--m states.. Prj-nc'tpl-e o*' j-ncre.tse'cf El'Lropy, cf EntrcpY pr:::r::1 :-t.e-- Entl-oplr and Unavaj-Lab.:-c Engineerinq a.pAltcaij-r.::s tl I t energ'y, entropy ai-td Disorder,. Ent,:opy anr.' D-:.recticn; lJcsolute rlntrcty. Entropy flow and rlrtropy P::od.r:cLj-ci=t. , liea'l- ancl l'11.3;',ir.-rfllrrltlnl.JS.i:,y ii-.-i.' Seet:Lcirs 8.1 i:c:q.1-".6rom zemansky 4. "nn on,, It:.t-tmat'r I Critil;_3.: lL,:-1,'-'.r l-.I]. ' Joule keivin kelwing Effect. ; effect. Cr'-i-t--i-ca-1, ri.quefa"tii-'-,,r, : scat-e Negative t-emperature and Tliird 1aw of ) c:f' (-;asos b-v -jc:u1<'. '1 : 'sections 13": ;o r3,3 fi:;cm b''eat- .ar:., by M Zemansl<y and FMj D-ittman" 5. 5}rrs .', + I{a,:,t:- ' lile r-nlc iy i..!.r , i irj- c s lher-rno'J-pllm-i-cs ' (B hrs * 7 Mari<'s) producticn cjf ,nanc,ciegree-. tenperat-ure by tliJclear macltre'i--ic re'duction, Negative kelvin temperatures. The expt , of pound Pur<.:el-l and Ramsey, Thermocllmarnics of negative temperaturesr anci tf.t:c/ law ofthermodyna.mics section 1t)"2 Lo L9"6 from Heat &'Thei-rnodynamics l:y M zcmansxy anctRM Dittman. * x ** x * lr * :k * :k :t * * :t * * * rt ** rt + *********** i.; e .; ci L N PAPER IV - CLASSICAL AND MODEP.N OPTICS & SPECTR.OSCOPY 9!rEEIqli:-'i.Tl(ii( fhrs - 2 mks ) Huygens P : inciple ancl ApplJ-car-ions Huygens thebry, Applieation of Hygens princj-pIe t-'; the ctrr.ty , of reflection ancl refraction Seetions 9.2 & 9.4 from optics by Ajaghat:k i '. 2. Two team interference by division of wavefront (1O hrs - 8m ks) Inter€ference pattern prodrrced on the surfaee of water, coherence, fnterference of light waves, The intereference patterns, The intensity distribution, Fresnelts two mi.cror arranqeRents, Fresnel-s biprism, Interference with whil-e light, )isplacement of frnges, The r,loyd'" mdrrpr arangrnent, Phase change on reflection ' Section 11.1 to 1-l.l2 for optics by ?rjay Gatak (10 hrS- 8 mks) 3. fnterference b y iv-i-son .of Ampl-ituc'l= r-I\r Interferenee by a plane paral-let film rvhen itluminated aby !:-lane wave, The cosj-ne 1aw, Nonreflecting fitttsi("*pt"=sions for reflected wave anC refl-ectivlty excluded) irigh -.'rl:1tre rlvi'i:y c'-f ijiin fiLittrdeposition, reflection by perj-odoc structure, Tnterfercnce by a fi1[nwith two non-paril]< reflectj-ng surfaces, colours of thin fil-ms., NewEonts rings, The I'Lichel-sone 1. .d interferometer.. 12,1 to 1-2.IC of optics by AJay Ghatak ( 7 hrs -6nks) 4. Franhoter Gj-ffraction prel-imina::ies, Si.:Eie sl-- t c:iff:act-ion patLern, Diffraction by .circular aperture, Limi+- of resr:l-ution, Two'-slit franhofer diffractj-on pattern, N-s1it diffie-et--i-cnpatte::f, , The Diffractj.cn Grati-ng. Sectiolrl 15"1 to 15.'i of Opties by .hjay Ghatak ( 7 hrs - 6 nks) 5. Fresnel diffraction Preliminari_es, !.resnel half period zones * Explanbtion of rectilinear propogation of light. oone plate.. Diffracticn at straight edge, ' diffraction at a circular aperture., Diffract-ion at an opaque circular dise sect_iorrs 16.1 to t6"4 t, L6.7r 16.3 of Optics by Ajay Ghatak (8hrs-8mks) 6. Polarisation trelinriaryexpts-. showing the transverse nature of }ight, plane polarJ.sed light, polarisation'by reflection, Brewster's law, Brewtters windor polarisation by rr:fraction, pile of plates, Law of Malus, Double ref ractlon, Huygens explanatj-on of 'doubl-e refrat:tj-on, Nicol prism, positi-'re anO negative uniaxial crystais. quartef ano h6-If gAde-pla'"es, production poiarisec light, Dichorism and elliptical-Iy ancl anlysis of plane. cirularly polarolds ' from rr. 1O ( polarisation) chapter portions foom approfriate Text Eook of '.;+:-cs by Brijlal e N subramainamseer---i-cns _6_Uoo.aein OPtics 6. Fermdt-rs Princlple ancl (8 hrs - 5 nks} its appllcations Lawsofreflectionandrefractj.onfromFermatSPrinciplemedium'and iefraction of ray$ at the interference between ancl isotropic Ray paths in an anisotroplc medd.um ( Optic axis normal to the surface) ---*: an unhomogeneous mediuryr The ray equation and its resolutions .S-ections 2.L Lo 2.4 of Opitj-cs by Ajay Ghatak ( 3 hrs -2 mks) 7. Lasers Principle of laser - Eisteins coefficj-ents - Population inverstionresonators ( The threshoul-d condj-tion - The line shape function - optica] (stabilityconditionnotreguired)Generalj.deasofRubyLaser,He-Ne Laser, co, laserr dye laset, ano semiconductor lasers' Sections22.LLo22.5ofopticsbyAJayGhatak (4hrs - 3 nks) 8. Flbre optics fibreptj}se The optj-cal fibre - Numerical aperture., step index dispersion, Graoed inde fibre - Materj-aI dispersion,t sj-ngle mode' fibres - Fibre optic cbmmunication system- Fibre optic sensolfe ' Sectj.on 23 o'f optics by Ajay Ghatak (4hrs-2mks) g. Holography Principleofholography-Theory(recoveryandreconstitution) tFicroscopy and coherence requirements . resoultion, Application(1) (2) InterferemetrY. SectionsLT.ttplT.4ofopitj-csbyAJayGhatat. , 9.o I (20 SPECTRCSCOPY i I I I I ..,t I ! I I t I hTSNMKS) lO.ScatterinToflightrRayleighscatteringrscatteri-ngasadj'pote radi2tion.RayleighscatteringaS<.functj.onoflr'avelenqth study, 11. Raman effect - Quantum theory of Ramaneffect. Experimental constantdevj-atj-..:nspectroscopy,lrppticationsofRamaneffect. Rotatiobal L2. Microwave spectroscopy : The rotation of molecules, nal energly spectra, Diatomic molr'ecules ' Expression for the rotatio only) rootational legeIs of a riqrid cliatomic mol-ecu.Ies (Qualitativeid'ea of rotational guantum nrullcer and selection rules - Schematic representation of spectral lines' energ[y levdls and allowed transitions intensities spectrrrm Effect of isotopic xubstitution. Study of microwave absorptlon .i-n the determination of abundance of isotopes' 13. fnfra red spectroscopy : The vibrating diatomic molecule Vibratiohal guantum number - Allowed The sj-mple harmonic osci1lator vibrati-onaI levels, The anharmonic soscillator - Its vibrational its rotations' enerqly level diagram. The diatomic vibrating rctation,, of vibrational energ)' lewel diagram' Ttre vibrat.ion rotation spectnrm carbon *gPg;jde. and mclecular ResPcctive sections from Fundamentals of Classieal spectroscoPY bY CN BanweLl. * ** ** *tk* * x *'t ** * ** )k*'()t * J(* ** '-QI-gs. 'i i1^r. -d4- marks) (t 6hrs I r . Particre Propert-les- gf--ygy99 effect abd its demosNature of llght - Wave particle rhality. Conlt,Lion - i of r';tarl i'6trt--)-5-brrrL ccr-i.rr rief] gravit-y and clru ->roductaonrpnotL'rl5 'J!uv+\-i 'i trationn paJ-r ,rou,r.aiolrprrotons pgperjl Mo-DERN--1--r I ''. . Blacl< troles - Dchwarzch{J d , radj.us e i -Sectj-ons2.1,2.7,.2.8&2.|>f,,rrLltlL].1€]C(,n<J(:I)l-:),Jf}Iodcr:rrp}rysicsbyi I ', r, ,-ARTHUR BErssER ' i \ (Gt"n5- 4'\o"ks)' 'i group' '-i and Phase - -^ equation 2' wawes and interpreF-at.j'r"p ' Jhe wave ect'rr>n Davissrbn 'Gerr.qrL-E)r'L)Qr-i-Itsrt"-Til Electrorr--<J-i,-fract--ion i ------rreLoej:t--tes: and rt- y - r2rj n^i pl c of momentum microscope.Partic1ej.nabox,IIr1rlerF;.rir-rt-y-I2r-l.nr..rDle.t,l! (t,.''B Pc6itl.on and energDr and -i ' -se-,r:t.ion 3.1r 3.4 tp 3.8 from Arthr:'r Beisser' De Broqlie 3. ((6trrs-5Marks) 6hrs - 5 Ivlarr{s/ Atomic-9!ruc'8q51 and' spectra O)Lresprrn4an--e-'-Prin.jp1 '' Atomic -energy-lr:rrels' eo=ec.-ed and Nuciea.motion - reduced mass Frank and of radiations' excitati.on - by collj.sj-orl' bY absorption The Bohr s at-olri--- er)e'r<Jf-'lr::'''r<-''l-'+ Hertz exPeriment. Sec,tions 4.'i &i 4.3 f rom Arthur 'Beisser 4. ] i i i i ai J I i i t i (9 hrs^?mks) hrs^7mks) Ff l-tl (e \,rl_r:.., vs t'Iserts..y MegharyLgg Tlave [ciiiocunser "o!tiot' classical Mechanios as an approximationr ifcnr tinne depenclent form ln one and three dj-mensjons'\:"n::tt't:::^:":::: quantibatj-o . Eisen varues and Eor.m ::::#;"r";";;:.-.r^=-u"o"r,u..,ranc' tunnel b?' o' article in a, o9:o, eigen funct1o' ;, r:article 83i?t5*a"Ioba:rier ltT"aot -,-i or ? ce^o-LBll t-t^ttu^'c.r.r-{LLi1t''-:: *\t/nc O': L--LL9- ffor ^e' - Pro 5ffi-t#5Br'"lri'tr,^o.rm6nic trinsmission Hq{ effecf'-- osei, ""'i\"I"tor !---6^l runc wave functions moment. Bohr maEbeton' 6. ' Sections 6^1 to 6'10 from Arthur Beisser' ( r. -r ^ \rs .I ) Maxwell - s' ii ' --' dj. Statistlcal ")oltsmann s - energ-y disl''ributj-on Mopcufar staListics, e cne€dI ai"t.ibuttion - average erlEriY' '-" "n""1 .;; -\ "n."a ouantumstatistj.cs.FermionsllhdBQsons,Bose.E:lasteinand'' Ferrn-i - Dirac dj-strj-butions fundti ileans formule (statement only ) - u radj-atj.on formula forom photon d-ri-s displacement and stefan - Bol-tzmanr star and black hrolesi dwarf neutron : - - 'sec*jone-9.1 to 9.7 an<I B-1r\ f l'n Arthur Beisser' 1 i r I I I I /-: I I 3 I , .'t *. .t tTI t{ I composition, Proper-L-Les of nuclcus - ?uclear forces, sping \ Nuclea; size, magnetic moment , E1ec-"r:on - Nuclear interactions. The Nr.:eLea:: - its ma ; and deeay - conce't of nucLeonisc*-opes and isobars. ThesL bl1lty of Nucleus - Alpha decay, deta decay, positronemission and electron capdure. Nuclear sizes and shapes - nuclear radj.i. Binding energry.r- Fission and fufisj.on, The lj.quid drop mode1, the shell modeh - orj-qin of magic numbers. compatibj-Iity of ligurd droi-r model and shell model, Ivleson theory of Nuclear forees - mass and stability of pions. 'sections II.I to fI"8 from .3rrr-:i-lur Bei-ser. ( i-2hrs -9mks) 8. ,Radio Activity. i N"trr,r-l radioeciivity - AIph--. L-eta and Gamma rays, anadeir properties". Range of Alptra particles and Alphia rays - determinati-on Zt e/M'.,,i.l "hu.rg", j-ts-experlment+[ measupement, Gej-ger', l.1rrt+:,11 lawr Garnovrts theory oi alpha i Beta rays- Determlnatlon of erlm by decay and its experj.mental verifica:i.{r. t; r-s-*experJ-mentr..,Jrucherers expe::irnent, Magfletj-c spectrograph, origln of Iine and conLlnuou$ spect,tum ,'I,ie,rrtrl no Lnrory of Beta dacy. Gamma Ray i \''\ ,Spectra - determinatiof of wavelengi:ir - by DLt l4ond Curved crysta1 Neuqron i . ,. I , tl radio6ct{ve dis5.ntegracion - hal-f[ti-fe, mean lj-fe and degay of succedqive disnte:--rrat-.ion and r'.:,ij-cactive e guil ibrlum, radio acG. ry' daling, Bl-ologl.cal effdct of Nucl-ear,radiations rj:oia[ion dosage. rl sections from 1i,t ao LL.2i and 11.30 tc :\L.ao from Modern physj-cs by e Murukesan. \ o ( 12 hrs - I mks)' Nuclear Readtlons thermallzationi -: Nuel-ear reactions,. eent:io of mass cord Q value of nuclear reac{1on, Nuctr-ear f , reactors- different types. Breeder ::e problems of waste <11sposaI . Nucle--,:: ---.Carbon--e1rc1e, I\rsj-on r".gaor" - l4agnetic bottleT ToJr\rrlra\ .-,nd inertj-al confinemdl I\ Section 13.1 to ff.fO from B::thur Beiser. I particl ( 10. Elementary ,14 hrs - 1O mP.s) ffi Detectors- Brief flescription of fr>nisation chamber, I he proportlona1 l-t" ,t counter, GM Counter, aubffe cha.mber, scjjrtillation Counter, \cfoua chamber, photogrraphic-errul orre sJmj-conductor de'rf':etor anci spark char,\cer. ( ue-essay*:type questi-ons s all be;askea yerssJres --J5u..+lievvervrr../ section..) ,l i from thi-fi rlvrrr . ._z (any relevent text book expla . Leptons, Haorons, El_ementary 1- synrnetries and conser:\ration princi;-,I Bing Bang theory of Universa- r€m[an . :open or cl_osed ? :1 See,Lions 1.4.4--t.a iL4.11 from A Law of .. constant- 1aw I _. I .r-' ; ; I Jt** r:**>tJ<tr:k* t . A. 1. p4-PBn rT-- coMFrurEI! sSrPNcE ' i'#-fiEgED EllcjrRoNrc F ""1' ' rnl -.--^'r i6c (r hrs - 5 mks) C Dc Power suPPlies and its ef--i ciency' centro-tap t""6fi"t Circuit of half w efficiencyr Eridge recLifier anq its wave zuII rectifier', fulL wave NatureofRectj-fieroutout,Ripplefactor,comparisclnofrectifiers, Fj-Itercircuits,-varioustypes-capacitorfiltel.chokeinputfirter sudur!+e:apacitor J-n put fiItser' voJ-tage stabiliser' capacitorj-nputfi.Itser,voltagestabilisat.ion,Zenerdiode,itsequivalen I zener criocl as a vdltage ' circuit :ircuit , zenerMehta' by vK Mehta' Electronics or of principles principles i the rrom rhe 9 '21 from "i;::":ti=-llr* seerion 9e.7 Seetion '7 Lo e.2t (8hrs - 7 mks) ! transistrUs: 2- transistrUs: I transistoo - action,of a transistor l and NPN and PNP type transisto['s cdnfigurations - thir 'imPut i i ificatic)n factors' their I analYsis - o temPerature - 'Load l-ine se Biasing - Need for biesingrrr-d'Drrrv of biasing or stabilisat-ion reguirement Eesistor' v(rrLces base bias, bias vrith emitter fcr a givent operatinn bj-as resistarrce 11 rrr.rm from "ttt'., '=:'";;;-tt'1 "t" go 101? ano from 11'1 te-r 11'l-1 I t I VK Mehta' Principles of Electronics by (15 n:: - 12 mks) campiifiers 3. Transisror --r-. singlestageamplifierclrcuit-e<;r:-ival-entcj-rcuit'lineload network po$'er gain - four terminal and gain voltage line analysis, transisgsg cas a four I ::":ffi:: and hybrid parameters o' ::::':::":::"::t: ;;'.";,,: of :::J::':".::::T::::= ";,*;."respons ;ouprins I ofsecono staqJe freguesncy effect Ioa<ling of amplifiers tunecl voltase .T:::-::::.:l:::':lu'll"' Re coupled amplifiers and uses - audio t *:::j:::::'::=J" ::#:::,"':::::::"::;";;';;'""r, :"":'l: :*n:'::"'s study) class A' B an power amplifiers (+ralitative and field of app performance efficiency distortiorj location of operating strength of input -sj.gnal anc slrmmetry of coupled class a amplifier - compliment and 141 to 13'3 Sections 12'1 to 12'lO .-'md Hr VK Mehta Lve by Principles of Electronics t AL-^- 3 ? mkq\ mks) (4hrs circuj-ts Back Feed 4. Basicprj.ncj-ples-negatj-weancposj-tivefeedback.baej-ctypesi ofnegati.",i.fer:.j.backcircuits-Negativecurrentfeedbacktransistorcirct$ Secticns15.1to15.?ofPrineiplesofEle.ctrcbnicsbl,vKMehta.! r; lo t t i 1 _ lo --s, ]"' ffL'.1''''''i' I [''l1t-iii'! , ,,,,r,r,, j.- a.; l,'L i "'j ':;'i 'Y0:'Ai'i . -;i. ( 6 irrs '- a mks) 0ecil-l ctD -r:: r ' ' ied:ack Eff ec+- of Positi-ve fi circu different types of osciflator fl oa ci Colpittt s , crystal phas "-5[i weinbridge trscillator " 'the Principles of F--Iectornics Sections 16.5 to 15"15 from \ 5 t b3 VK 6. _ Atvl I I I i in ov I I I '-/e t' IC (basic ideas cf Electron'ics VK Mehte " 9:-D-ig:- ( ' i-rnics bY 18 hrs - 14 mks) I B. ligitsi c-omFutation' .__- !.inir-, tnun:ber io decimal and binar:y from to Binary numbers, 6onver6ic'idecimal nu\rL- t - tTYo"'= r fiom Hexa -nlt= 't:;;""t tl-reir 'tc i:ina=v ' Hexa and li'#+-cornplement addres' f rom decinrat. /i5L tsasic idea of binary ani-l l';-t'a:--v 'uo He'u :-:''o' \ND' o*r-*o*, N,T; 'i*'' subtractor and fu11 operations ,ogrl gates ac'1 er' half binary paralle'i Haof adderr ru]-i oatlot and s ub trac tor' Appropriate sectiens fron'::tl'-l^:i::T'r:'r=r.t:.:i:';r' jc Elecironrce of Ba Section 33'1 to 3-?'18 to 34'30 of Theraja' BL Theraja, arrd 34.1 Eqr'rivalent sw:Ltchlng algebro Boclean of t-aws ' Boolean algebra : ja ' De l'lorgan's theorem ."n1. iili:; qs '5oIid Stete by Thera circuits, Eiectronrc ic Bas Section 35 ' 1 t; 35 ''6 of 16 hrs - 12 mks) Science 'devices r cPu ant EomPuter C. --:----'-' Jnouty'output canpute: comPULt'ir " " Compc'nents of a digitar Main s torage ' Programming: d f lol'r charts :no l:::":-"; Logical oper't:'rr'5 ProgrammihginBASIC:fundamentalsofBasic,,il.ithemetjcexplEsS}.-..'r' rcfational and -:r:.ctcrs "*"t="io""' Relations^r looprng (so tor !F"" Tht-)r-' printer corr-u1oas - Jurmping, Branching and 5ubscripteC va:iabl-es - Functi'-rns tj'uouemen'ts) '' l'ii:x'j t5i T0. 0N..'Go and subroutines ' ; in Bas-ic bir f,haPter 4r 5, 6' 1, I & 9 of Proglarnminq " E. RabaguruswamY' +Jr ta tt J( it l+ * -ri Programminq of languaces' Alqorith' )+ q n\,, J+ an : '1 'tt tt -APPENDTX .TT -tIn]Y9.I4! l..-."-"-P.n] i i | 1 ' "''I -l .1, j tuoents trill have to appear for three Practi,cerl Exami-natir-rfls. The list of Experiments fcr each practical paper is given bel-ov,:. The stucents ere expectec'" tp produce on duly certifi{ record each for each'pmactici-r,L paper; Tltose cclndidcl.te who had done 15% ofl j practicals given in the liqt alone a!:e sl.igibte to.rppear for the practical Exam. i At the end c;f the t5-i.r i List of Experiments E^*9I.:; Meehanics, proPe.(ties of mat-terz i-iea'L, ,:ound & optics' 1. compound pendulum - sym-netrj-c- detc:lmination of 'gl. and 'kt 2. Youngts mcclulus - L:.niform bending-c,i)iic lever rhethod. 3. Non uniform udhing - double mirrcr \rethcd' 4. Contitever - y by'pin and mj-croscoPti methoci' 5. Contilever - y by n]eas':'fli-r; 'rr-l' : !'ir-;-'ulii: tenEents' Static Torsion - Rigidj-iy moclulus - $cale and TeLescope. 6. Torsion perrclulum- deterrn-inatlon of n'.using tvro identical masses ' 7. fcnlictt 8. Surface terRb€1r'c - Caplilary riser 9. Jollyls buib - s'.voP, 10 Latent :.i, - 3rf steeDrn - Bartonrs correcticn" 11. Thermat -onduct:-rrj+-1r * Le*:ls disc method' 12. NewLonts law of cool-ing - emmissi-vity' 13. Metdets string - Deterrn-inarion of n.rncl densl+-y of solj-d and J-iguicr' 14. Liquid lens - Refrectj-ve ir:iex of lj-gu.ict ano. glass. 15. Newtonsr rings - wavelength and refrac:rive iudex of glass' 16. Spectrometer- Dispensi\'e powel: cf Pris:rt" L7. Spectrometer- Cauchyts corit4ints. iL8. Spectrometer- f-d Curve. 19. spectrometer-i.1 -i, Crirve and .stoke'.s fcrnn:l-a' 20. spectrometer - gratj-ng-,N*'T{ilaI incidents' 2L. Spectrometer- grati-ng- Minimum deviation', 22. Spectrometer-smad.l angted prism- Normal incidence and emergence. 23. Air-Wedge- diameter of wire. 24. Biprism-Optic bench-wave length of [email protected] i P=Pg: - r-l Magrnetism and El-_gctr1_c_j.!yo 25. 26. 27. 2A. 29. ' Deflection magnetometer- tan c. pole strertgth cf the magnet. Box ancl Searlrs vibratj-on maqnetometer - n & EH. of f ield with CisL.rnce & Determiriat-ion of Vari-.'-i coil, Clrcul-ar coil - 4nrreter colibraLion. C.ircuLar.. coil-r4oment of the magnet. / I ! I i i I \ '-t -2(-, potentiorrri]r-er.,- temiJel'ature coeff-i-c--i-en-t of resistancej' - :; --' 1'"G" Pc.-'-' :r po1-ent.ir.,ruer:er - iiil-1-i-l:::aL-i-ci1-Lof'-tuigh''rEi1$ct':voltmeter"' 'Ce11' pO.Leiftj-C-.rrieLt,f .- 'j-'i:ufltr.-r u.;.:.p-'l - aSSuming e'm'f ' Or Daniel Car.eyl.os,.,e:):.i-dqe-emperaturcct-,efficientofresj-stance. us6ng potenti' conv.)-:;-i-C c. gal,,r:,-acrnei-.: 'ntr] iijtntetei- - cal,ibration - Caliberation using crJn\/e1:-r-.rr):-t t-,:.; q-alvanometer intc "7ol]-rnc;er 30" ) 31" 32" 33" 34" 35. r]a 36 po';e 37" 38. 39. 40. 4 1. t!2. 43" 44" 45, 46" :',l: Miffof i on, '.) te l'- -, ,JaJ.'v;rncli,tctt-r-ii .- ij.r;ui"; c-l-- 'l"ilit " G B" G. Abso-l-utc c3r:,c-.cit.v,, B"i" hriqii', t*=t"a=t crl - leakarJe ni' "ticd' B -G " I'Iur -uaL intluci: '-rrlce " B.G" C,lngtarlt Lr-S-'-.ilq otarldaro eOa.lvense-f " sofenoid' B.rJo cons'. ant usi-:lq Hibt-'er^-'Is magrtetic standa'rd and <li::ect methocl anC De santy t s metllcc 8..G. Colnpa.rrsoit o--i capacities B.G, Earttr i nductoi., B.G" Thermc, emf ^ densities" Sarucmeter - l'r'eeguei-;cy of A- 'C ancl comparison of linear ' 1 ITI .-F9r9.! El-qctronj-cs: 47. .Forwarcl clta;lacteristics of PN . juncf : rtn and ccnstrrrction of half F€C u-r-.--.-.r- " 4A. 49" 50., 51" 52" 53, 54. 55" 56" 57. 5B qG "' 60. 61. 62. 63. 64" Ful I '-'i.,'e :'.-;.'.'.1 r..a.-.,1 i-i:i:nr:-: t"vo diodes ' Bridee reL:t.i-::ier. Re\-i-;rge '.:t r. t-alcte::i-s'.-ics of Zenar 611 1't'1e " Voltagr-' r:gLtiation r-rf L'.LI ' suppi;" " Voltage cior:bfer' t-ran'iistc.;r' Cornrncn base characterist'ics csf a triinsister' Common elni'-or cha::acteristj.cs of a of FET" Common s.lrrlrce chaliacteristics traas-i-Ster amplier - freec{irency response curve' . Commoi-r r:rrritl-€r Emitter fcllower - fi-=quency respr:lnse cufve Tramsostproseii D"C ?'flliil'ifier - Voltage'gain" Hartley oscil fato:c.- measurement of fre'-:guency" Colpittts Osr:j-Liator - measurement of freeguency' phase strift colpits - measul:ement cf freequ ency' Wj-en t;ri<lcjt: osc-illa--o'J - In'easuilem':ni of frec;uency'' Stable rnuitivibrator - freequencyTrans:. sEorised Ampli-uu-Ce moCulator " v'ai a-\